Henry VIII Power
![Picture](/uploads/1/4/4/6/144604702/mw03082_orig.jpg)
Born on 28 June 1491 at the Palace in Greenwich Kent, Henry Tudor was the third child and second son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Of the young Henry's six (or seven) siblings, only three – his brother Arthur Prince of Wales and sisters Margeret and Mary and– survived infancy. In 1493, at the age of two, Henry was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and etc.. The day after the ceremony, he was created Duke of York and a month or so later made Warden of the Scottish Marches. In May 1495, he was appointed to the Order of garter. The reason for giving such appointments to a small child was to enable his father to retain personal control of lucrative positions and not share them with established families. Not much is known about Henry's early life – save for his appointments – because he was not expected to become king, but it is known that he received a first-rate education from leading tutors. He became fluent in Latin and French and learned at least some Italian.
Henry was intelligent King, he was strong king, and the most powerful almost in all England history. His though brothers death is under suspicious or conspiracy because he even married his widow Catherine of Aragon, though was it a marriage question or conspiracy, not many discuss this subject, though it is indeed very in need of discussion, no not because of tragic events, because something is hidden in this history. Arthur in other hand is a name part of the history too or the legend or it is the same Arthur that called himself Henry VIII, because of fragility in important marriage, it is wonderous, though it is history, and history subject request punctuality and facts. Though we continue Henry power why was he so powerful or is he stated as also a bit cruel King, he beheaded 600 criminals under his rule, and he had 6 wives and few of them he also beheaded, even future queen mother Anne Boylen he beheaded for treason and adultery, sad really he was cruel, though if knowing his brothers lot it is crucial to think what this could be, Arthur was older brother and already married, though Henry married his widow though his brother was dead, it is history and we must believe that a king is the subject of very important matters but Henry is a subject and of power and of medieval time horror.
Writes Catherin Severton 21/10/2023
War of Roses Lancaster and Yorks
Henry was intelligent King, he was strong king, and the most powerful almost in all England history. His though brothers death is under suspicious or conspiracy because he even married his widow Catherine of Aragon, though was it a marriage question or conspiracy, not many discuss this subject, though it is indeed very in need of discussion, no not because of tragic events, because something is hidden in this history. Arthur in other hand is a name part of the history too or the legend or it is the same Arthur that called himself Henry VIII, because of fragility in important marriage, it is wonderous, though it is history, and history subject request punctuality and facts. Though we continue Henry power why was he so powerful or is he stated as also a bit cruel King, he beheaded 600 criminals under his rule, and he had 6 wives and few of them he also beheaded, even future queen mother Anne Boylen he beheaded for treason and adultery, sad really he was cruel, though if knowing his brothers lot it is crucial to think what this could be, Arthur was older brother and already married, though Henry married his widow though his brother was dead, it is history and we must believe that a king is the subject of very important matters but Henry is a subject and of power and of medieval time horror.
Writes Catherin Severton 21/10/2023
War of Roses Lancaster and Yorks
Battlefield of war of roses
The Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), known at the time and for more than a century after as the Civil Wars, were a series of civil wars fought over control of the English throne in the mid- to late fifteenth century. These wars were fought between supporters of two rival cadet branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: Lancaster and York. The wars extinguished the last male line of the House of Lancaster in 1471, leading to the Tudor family inheriting the Lancastrian claim to the throne. Following the war and the extinction of the last male line of the House of York in 1483, a politically arranged marriage united the Houses of Tudor and York, creating a new Royal dynasty which inherited the Yorkist claim as well, thereby resolving the conflict.
The House of Plantagenet was a Royal House which originated from the lands of Anjou in France. The family had held the English throne since 1154 (with the accession of Henry II at the end of The Anarchy). The War of the Roses led to the end of Plantagenet control in 1485, with the Tudor accession of Henry VII.
Richard III died in the battle Bosworth and lost his chance in the throne, that he was fitigh as history resources claim a lot with blood and blood firsty. The wars in general was connected to the throne claimants and nothing is this special. Why this bears such name it is very well known Yorks and Lancasters unites themself though not in the battle but perhaps in conscious of the battles danger and united themself through the marriage, and perhaps escapes blood, though many of them runs to hiding only Henry VII strongly claims the throne though already through marriage to Lancaster House with Yorks. He married Elizabeth of York and ended a conflict. But in general this conflict was bloody and with battlefields and lots of lost lives and men. Tudor gain the power eventually and are most of powerful Royal house in English history, because they fought in the battlefield to sacrifice for the nation. These wars were called War of Roses.
Writes Anne Merton 26/10/2023
Cosimo de'Medici
The Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), known at the time and for more than a century after as the Civil Wars, were a series of civil wars fought over control of the English throne in the mid- to late fifteenth century. These wars were fought between supporters of two rival cadet branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: Lancaster and York. The wars extinguished the last male line of the House of Lancaster in 1471, leading to the Tudor family inheriting the Lancastrian claim to the throne. Following the war and the extinction of the last male line of the House of York in 1483, a politically arranged marriage united the Houses of Tudor and York, creating a new Royal dynasty which inherited the Yorkist claim as well, thereby resolving the conflict.
The House of Plantagenet was a Royal House which originated from the lands of Anjou in France. The family had held the English throne since 1154 (with the accession of Henry II at the end of The Anarchy). The War of the Roses led to the end of Plantagenet control in 1485, with the Tudor accession of Henry VII.
Richard III died in the battle Bosworth and lost his chance in the throne, that he was fitigh as history resources claim a lot with blood and blood firsty. The wars in general was connected to the throne claimants and nothing is this special. Why this bears such name it is very well known Yorks and Lancasters unites themself though not in the battle but perhaps in conscious of the battles danger and united themself through the marriage, and perhaps escapes blood, though many of them runs to hiding only Henry VII strongly claims the throne though already through marriage to Lancaster House with Yorks. He married Elizabeth of York and ended a conflict. But in general this conflict was bloody and with battlefields and lots of lost lives and men. Tudor gain the power eventually and are most of powerful Royal house in English history, because they fought in the battlefield to sacrifice for the nation. These wars were called War of Roses.
Writes Anne Merton 26/10/2023
Cosimo de'Medici
Cosimo de' Medici was born on 14 August 1642, the eldest surviving son of Vittoria della Rovere of Urbino, and Ferdinado II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Their previous two children had died shortly after birth. Grand Duke Ferdinando wished to give his son the finest scientific education available, but the pious Grand Duchess Vittoria opposed. The latter got her way. Volunnio Bandinelli, a Sienese theologian, was appointed Cosimo's tutor. His character was analogous to the Grand Duchess's.
As a youth, Cosimo revelled in sports. His uncle Gian Carlo once wrote to another family member with "news that should surprise you....The young prince [Cosimo] has killed a goose in mid-air." Cosimo, at the age of 11, killed five pigs with five shots. The Luchese Ambassador praised the young Cosimo to the skies. His successor, however, noticed a somewhat different person, whom he described as "melancholy".
By 1659, Cosimo had ceased smiling in public. He frequently visited places of religious worship and surrounded himself with friars and priests, concerning Grand Duke Ferdinando. Cosimo's only sibling, Francesco Maria de' Medici, the fruit of his parents' brief reconciliation, was born the next year.
Cosimo De'Medici is very remarkable personalyty he was a Duke of Tuscany like his father, he inherited this title from his father, that used to be passed to male line in succession of Duchery. He is was born 1642, when physics science were successfully maintained by palaces, and he even has stars named after his name, though he had and his own tower were he used to watch the sky and the stars, he built it himself a famous tower connected to physics science in Italy. His name also associates with famous books although this a subject of speculations, clearly he left many historical resources from his court as he was a Duke and a Duke of Tuscany. Tuscany is very famous region in Italy it is connected or Florence is one of the cities. It means and Medici is often associated with arts world and all Italians art deeds. Medici family indeed is very important.
Writes Anne Berington 27/10/2023
Edward Black Prince and Carcassonne
As a youth, Cosimo revelled in sports. His uncle Gian Carlo once wrote to another family member with "news that should surprise you....The young prince [Cosimo] has killed a goose in mid-air." Cosimo, at the age of 11, killed five pigs with five shots. The Luchese Ambassador praised the young Cosimo to the skies. His successor, however, noticed a somewhat different person, whom he described as "melancholy".
By 1659, Cosimo had ceased smiling in public. He frequently visited places of religious worship and surrounded himself with friars and priests, concerning Grand Duke Ferdinando. Cosimo's only sibling, Francesco Maria de' Medici, the fruit of his parents' brief reconciliation, was born the next year.
Cosimo De'Medici is very remarkable personalyty he was a Duke of Tuscany like his father, he inherited this title from his father, that used to be passed to male line in succession of Duchery. He is was born 1642, when physics science were successfully maintained by palaces, and he even has stars named after his name, though he had and his own tower were he used to watch the sky and the stars, he built it himself a famous tower connected to physics science in Italy. His name also associates with famous books although this a subject of speculations, clearly he left many historical resources from his court as he was a Duke and a Duke of Tuscany. Tuscany is very famous region in Italy it is connected or Florence is one of the cities. It means and Medici is often associated with arts world and all Italians art deeds. Medici family indeed is very important.
Writes Anne Berington 27/10/2023
Edward Black Prince and Carcassonne
Edward of Woodstock (15 June 1330 – 8 June 1376), known to history as the Black Prince, was the eldest son and heir apparent of King Edward III of England. He died before his father and so his son, Richard II, succeeded to the throne instead. Edward nevertheless earned distinction as one of the most successful English commanders during the Hundred Years' War, being regarded by his English contemporaries as a model of chivalry and one of the greatest knights of his age.
The death of Joan's first husband, Thomas Holland, in 1360 made her an attractive marriage prospect for Edward, The Black Prince, the son of her half-first cousin King Edward III. Some may infer that evidence of a long-held desire by Edward for Joan may be found in the record of his presenting her with a silver cup, part of the booty from one of his early military campaigns. Although one generation removed from her, he was only three or four years younger than she was (depending on whether she was born in 1326 or 1327). It is suggested that Edward's parents did not favour a marriage between their son and their former ward, but this may be contradicted by the fact that King Edward assisted his son in acquiring all four of the needed dispensations for Edward to marry Joan. Among the problems was Edward and Joan's birth placement within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity. Queen Philippa (wife of Edward III) had made a favourite of Joan in her childhood. Both she and the King may have been concerned about the legitimacy of any resulting children, considering Joan's complicated marital record, but such concerns were remedied by a second ruling of Pope Clement's successor Innocent VI that held the initial ruling on Joan's previous marriage attempts.
At any matter marriage was successful they had three issues, one of them became a king Richard II, though because in consequences that Edward Black Prince died, but his son reigned. As for historians here is a discussion why he was called Black prince, because it is possible he was strong in army but died young and can be called only Black because he should of been a good good King, though his son inherited his wills and his sons reign continued the dynasty. His name is strong and in Europe as his name is mentioned and in legends like Carcassonne city castles, it says that Black prince destroyed one of the towers, that legend bears how strong was a city and why it is was called this way and it is connected to the bells work of the towers, that Black prince destroyed one. At any matter this is a sad prince, and sadly he did not make as a king. But he was murdered. His death was announced at the Palace of Westminster on 8 June 1376. In his last moments, he was attended by the Bishop of Bangor, who urged him to ask forgiveness of God and of all those he had injured. He "made a very noble end, remembering God his Creator in his heart", and asked people to pray for him.
Writes Mary Muston
Joan of Navarre, Queen of England
The death of Joan's first husband, Thomas Holland, in 1360 made her an attractive marriage prospect for Edward, The Black Prince, the son of her half-first cousin King Edward III. Some may infer that evidence of a long-held desire by Edward for Joan may be found in the record of his presenting her with a silver cup, part of the booty from one of his early military campaigns. Although one generation removed from her, he was only three or four years younger than she was (depending on whether she was born in 1326 or 1327). It is suggested that Edward's parents did not favour a marriage between their son and their former ward, but this may be contradicted by the fact that King Edward assisted his son in acquiring all four of the needed dispensations for Edward to marry Joan. Among the problems was Edward and Joan's birth placement within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity. Queen Philippa (wife of Edward III) had made a favourite of Joan in her childhood. Both she and the King may have been concerned about the legitimacy of any resulting children, considering Joan's complicated marital record, but such concerns were remedied by a second ruling of Pope Clement's successor Innocent VI that held the initial ruling on Joan's previous marriage attempts.
At any matter marriage was successful they had three issues, one of them became a king Richard II, though because in consequences that Edward Black Prince died, but his son reigned. As for historians here is a discussion why he was called Black prince, because it is possible he was strong in army but died young and can be called only Black because he should of been a good good King, though his son inherited his wills and his sons reign continued the dynasty. His name is strong and in Europe as his name is mentioned and in legends like Carcassonne city castles, it says that Black prince destroyed one of the towers, that legend bears how strong was a city and why it is was called this way and it is connected to the bells work of the towers, that Black prince destroyed one. At any matter this is a sad prince, and sadly he did not make as a king. But he was murdered. His death was announced at the Palace of Westminster on 8 June 1376. In his last moments, he was attended by the Bishop of Bangor, who urged him to ask forgiveness of God and of all those he had injured. He "made a very noble end, remembering God his Creator in his heart", and asked people to pray for him.
Writes Mary Muston
Joan of Navarre, Queen of England
Joan with a son Arthur
Joan of Navarre, also known as Joanna (c. 1368 – 10 June 1437) was Duchess of Brittany by marriage to Duke John IV and later Queen of England as the second wife of King Henry IV.
On 2 October 1386, Joan married her first husband, Duke John IV of Britany (known in traditional English sources as John V). She was his third wife and the only one with whom he had children.
John IV died on 1 November 1399 and was succeeded by his and Joan's son, John V. Her son being still a minor, she was made his guardian and the regent of Brittany during his minority. Not long after, King Henry IV proposed to marry her. The marriage proposal was given out of mutual personal preference rather than a dynastic marriage. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, affection developed between Joan and Henry while he resided at the Breton court during his banishment from England. Joan gave a favourable reply to the proposal, but stated that she could not go through with it until she had set the affairs of Brittany in order and arranged for the security of the duchy and her children.
Joan knew that it would not be possible for her to continue as regent of Brittany after having married the king of England, nor would she be able to take her sons with her to England. A papal dispensation was necessary for the marriage, which was obtained in 1402. She negotiated with the duke of Burgundy to make him guardian of her sons and regent of Brittany. Finally, she surrendered the custody of her sons and her power as regent of Brittany to the duke of Burgundy, who swore to respect the Breton rights and law, and departed for England with her daughters.
Henry IV had six children from his first marriage to Mary de Bohun, while his second marriage to Joan of Navarre was childless. Joan of Navarre was known queen but not a mother of Henry V, Mary de Bohun was a mother of the future king. But she died or was murdered 1394, that is why Henry IV married widower future Queen. To be a pretender to the throne is not easy in middle ages, that is why maybe and her husband Duke of Brittany was murdered for her to become queen consort of England. Was she ambitions to become a queen, no such resources only that she was perfect mother to viscounts, but need to raise future King of England after she became a widower, and to rule as queen, she need to prepare, though such ambitions was not tracked into history she was ordinary aristocrat but was a daughter of Queen of France and John II of France. Indeed she was not ordinary by birth, that is why her lot was connected to the crown of England, because she was princess of France by birth. It means Henry IV needed to insure his throne and marry well second time, he is suspected as ambitious and vigil.
Writes Charlotte Berton 7/11/2023
The Whig Supremacy
The Whigs were a political faction and then a political party in the Parliaments of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom. Between the 1680s and the 1850s, the Whigs contested power with their rivals, the Tories. The Whigs merged into the Liberal Party with the Peelites and Radicals in the 1850s. Many Whigs left the Liberal Party in 1886 to form the Liberal Unionist Party, which merged into the Conservative Party in 1912.
The Whigs began as a political faction that opposed absolute monarchy and Catholic emancipation, supporting constitutional monarchism with a parlamentry system. They played a central role in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and were the standing enemies of the Roman Catholic Stuarts kings and pretenders. The period known as the Whig Supremacy (1714–1760) was enabled by the Hanoverian succession of George I in 1714 and the failure of the Jacobite rising of 1715 by Tory rebels. The Whigs took full control of the government in 1715 and thoroughly purged the Tories from all major positions in government, the army, the Church of England, the legal profession and local political offices. The first great leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government from 1721 to 1742, and whose protégé, Henry Pelham, led the government from 1743 to 1754. Great Britain remained a single party state under the Whigs until King George III came to the throne in 1760 and allowed Tories back in. But the Whig Party's hold on power remained strong for many years thereafter. Thus historians have called the period from roughly 1714 to 1783 the "long period of Whig oligarchy”.
The Whig abolished slavery- The Slavery Abolition Act 1833, slavery is not only deed of the Whig, they more were anti absolute monarchy and supported constitutional monarchy but more monarchy based upon Parliament. By this name meaning where it comes from we can suggest that it was rather rash approach but for a King only. For a King was so bad at that time, that they urgent to France to searched for alliance but for absolute monarchy direction, this almost did happen because Hangovers arose with dignity against a Whig and still continues until our days, because it is starts within “great” revolution. That what it was for the Whig to bring back Jacobite monarchy and no not anti monarchy was a Whig running around but about absolute King power. The consequences led into abolition of the slavery that served a man’s good deeds. And this and follows that no King has such a power as famous Tudors dynasty because the Whig operated with dignity to continue the Parliamentary monarchy. And to do not what a king says but what Parliament votes and with House of Lords and with House of Commons. That’s a supremacy of the Whig.
Writes Emily Perton 14/11/2023
Lucrezia Borgia was and Pope's daughter
Joan of Navarre, also known as Joanna (c. 1368 – 10 June 1437) was Duchess of Brittany by marriage to Duke John IV and later Queen of England as the second wife of King Henry IV.
On 2 October 1386, Joan married her first husband, Duke John IV of Britany (known in traditional English sources as John V). She was his third wife and the only one with whom he had children.
John IV died on 1 November 1399 and was succeeded by his and Joan's son, John V. Her son being still a minor, she was made his guardian and the regent of Brittany during his minority. Not long after, King Henry IV proposed to marry her. The marriage proposal was given out of mutual personal preference rather than a dynastic marriage. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, affection developed between Joan and Henry while he resided at the Breton court during his banishment from England. Joan gave a favourable reply to the proposal, but stated that she could not go through with it until she had set the affairs of Brittany in order and arranged for the security of the duchy and her children.
Joan knew that it would not be possible for her to continue as regent of Brittany after having married the king of England, nor would she be able to take her sons with her to England. A papal dispensation was necessary for the marriage, which was obtained in 1402. She negotiated with the duke of Burgundy to make him guardian of her sons and regent of Brittany. Finally, she surrendered the custody of her sons and her power as regent of Brittany to the duke of Burgundy, who swore to respect the Breton rights and law, and departed for England with her daughters.
Henry IV had six children from his first marriage to Mary de Bohun, while his second marriage to Joan of Navarre was childless. Joan of Navarre was known queen but not a mother of Henry V, Mary de Bohun was a mother of the future king. But she died or was murdered 1394, that is why Henry IV married widower future Queen. To be a pretender to the throne is not easy in middle ages, that is why maybe and her husband Duke of Brittany was murdered for her to become queen consort of England. Was she ambitions to become a queen, no such resources only that she was perfect mother to viscounts, but need to raise future King of England after she became a widower, and to rule as queen, she need to prepare, though such ambitions was not tracked into history she was ordinary aristocrat but was a daughter of Queen of France and John II of France. Indeed she was not ordinary by birth, that is why her lot was connected to the crown of England, because she was princess of France by birth. It means Henry IV needed to insure his throne and marry well second time, he is suspected as ambitious and vigil.
Writes Charlotte Berton 7/11/2023
The Whig Supremacy
The Whigs were a political faction and then a political party in the Parliaments of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom. Between the 1680s and the 1850s, the Whigs contested power with their rivals, the Tories. The Whigs merged into the Liberal Party with the Peelites and Radicals in the 1850s. Many Whigs left the Liberal Party in 1886 to form the Liberal Unionist Party, which merged into the Conservative Party in 1912.
The Whigs began as a political faction that opposed absolute monarchy and Catholic emancipation, supporting constitutional monarchism with a parlamentry system. They played a central role in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and were the standing enemies of the Roman Catholic Stuarts kings and pretenders. The period known as the Whig Supremacy (1714–1760) was enabled by the Hanoverian succession of George I in 1714 and the failure of the Jacobite rising of 1715 by Tory rebels. The Whigs took full control of the government in 1715 and thoroughly purged the Tories from all major positions in government, the army, the Church of England, the legal profession and local political offices. The first great leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government from 1721 to 1742, and whose protégé, Henry Pelham, led the government from 1743 to 1754. Great Britain remained a single party state under the Whigs until King George III came to the throne in 1760 and allowed Tories back in. But the Whig Party's hold on power remained strong for many years thereafter. Thus historians have called the period from roughly 1714 to 1783 the "long period of Whig oligarchy”.
The Whig abolished slavery- The Slavery Abolition Act 1833, slavery is not only deed of the Whig, they more were anti absolute monarchy and supported constitutional monarchy but more monarchy based upon Parliament. By this name meaning where it comes from we can suggest that it was rather rash approach but for a King only. For a King was so bad at that time, that they urgent to France to searched for alliance but for absolute monarchy direction, this almost did happen because Hangovers arose with dignity against a Whig and still continues until our days, because it is starts within “great” revolution. That what it was for the Whig to bring back Jacobite monarchy and no not anti monarchy was a Whig running around but about absolute King power. The consequences led into abolition of the slavery that served a man’s good deeds. And this and follows that no King has such a power as famous Tudors dynasty because the Whig operated with dignity to continue the Parliamentary monarchy. And to do not what a king says but what Parliament votes and with House of Lords and with House of Commons. That’s a supremacy of the Whig.
Writes Emily Perton 14/11/2023
Lucrezia Borgia was and Pope's daughter
Lucrezia Borgia was born on 18 April 1480 at Subiaco, near Rome. Her mother was Vannozza die Cattanei, one of the mistresses of Lucrezia's father, Cardinal Rodrigo de Borgia (later Pope Alexander VI). During her early life, Lucrezia Borgia's education was entrusted to Adriana Orsini de Milan, a close confidant of her father. Her education would primarily take place in the Piazza Pizzo de Merlo, a building adjacent to her father's residence. Unlike most educated women of her time, for whom convents were the primary source for knowledge, her education came from within the sphere of intellectuals in the court and close relatives, and it included a solid grounding in the Humanities, which the Catholic Church was reviving at the time. She was a thoroughly accomplished princess, fluent in Spanish, Catalan, Italian, and French, which prepared her for advantageous marriage to any European monarch or prince, and literate in both Latin and Greek. She would also become proficient in the lute, poetry, and oration. The biggest testament to her intelligence is her ability in administration, as later on in life she took care of Vatican City correspondence and governance of Ferrara.
Lucrezia Borgia was Pope's daughter, in England she would be illegal child if was not born in Vatican, though she was Pope's daughter so it is possible to state that her mother Vannozza die Cattenei was a wife of Pope and Pope held secret marriages rather than to leave these famous and most powerful children illegal, indeed more that were marriage records among Popes life in Vatican. Lucrezia Borgia was patron of art too she was famous and powerful and like Popes daughter she could of maintain her fame and power in Vatican, as she had and Duties in Vatican such as correspondence, it means Vatican in XV century was going through revolution and still Popes must be celibate until nowadays. Lucrezia Borgia was also a muse in Italian art world and was portrayed and painted in many artworks she was very famous and news about Pope's child reached and Europe. It is was delighted news and a news about enlightenment in the church also were immense. Borgia family is powerful until today, and it is most discussed subject about Popes, it is interesting Vatican and Italy indeed have many secrets.
Writes Anne Sparton 17/11/2023
English expansions and John Smith English Captain
Lucrezia Borgia was Pope's daughter, in England she would be illegal child if was not born in Vatican, though she was Pope's daughter so it is possible to state that her mother Vannozza die Cattenei was a wife of Pope and Pope held secret marriages rather than to leave these famous and most powerful children illegal, indeed more that were marriage records among Popes life in Vatican. Lucrezia Borgia was patron of art too she was famous and powerful and like Popes daughter she could of maintain her fame and power in Vatican, as she had and Duties in Vatican such as correspondence, it means Vatican in XV century was going through revolution and still Popes must be celibate until nowadays. Lucrezia Borgia was also a muse in Italian art world and was portrayed and painted in many artworks she was very famous and news about Pope's child reached and Europe. It is was delighted news and a news about enlightenment in the church also were immense. Borgia family is powerful until today, and it is most discussed subject about Popes, it is interesting Vatican and Italy indeed have many secrets.
Writes Anne Sparton 17/11/2023
English expansions and John Smith English Captain
English settlement in America began with Jamestown in the Virginia Colony in 1607. With the permission of James I, three ships (the Susan Constant, The Discovery, and The God Speed) sailed from England and landed at Cape Henry in April, under the captainship of Christopher Newport, who had been hired by the London Company to lead expeditions to what is now America.
The second successful colony was Plymouth Colony, founded in 1620 by people who later became known as the Pilgrims. Fleeing religious persecution in the East Midlands in England, they first went to Holland, but feared losing their English identity. Because of this, they chose to relocate to the New World, with their voyage being financed by English investors. In September 1620, 102 passengers set sail aboard the Mayflower, eventually settling at Plymouth Colony in November. Of the passengers on the Mayflower, 41 men signed the "Mayflower Compact" aboard ship on November 11, 1620, while anchored in Provincetown Habour. Signers included Carver, Alden, Standish, Howland, Bradford, Allerton, and Fuller. This story has become a central theme in the United States cultural identity.
A number of English colonies were established under a system of proprietary governors, who were appointed under mercantile charters to English stock companies to found and run settlements.
England also took over the Dutch colony of New Netherlands (including the New Amsterdam settlement), renaming it the Province of New York in 1664. With New Netherland, the English came to control the former New Sweden (in what is now Delaware ), which the Dutch had conquered from Sweden earlier. This became part of Pennsylvania.
Expansion period starts a bit earlier when queen Elizabeth I orders Pirate Drake with other captains to expance the territories and they find beautiful America and called it Virginia. Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed by the queens order and establish Newfoundland, also and Virginia. Virginia is called in a name of the queen, because she was famous Virgin queen, that is why this name was used to name news land in America. English expansions are big and big jump in a history like and Dutch and America and Netherlands is connected to Elizabethan names, they rule for a terms of expansions and established many lands, that are connected directly to English history and within Queens and Kings names. Expansions are needed for trades and better living for better economics but to control distance lands were not easy even for Tudors Kings they led it dwell it for new English inhabitants that they successfully even established and language, some America is Spanish America, but some that is English actually a little bit connect more with England that it should, it is consequences of historical expansion, as trades with far lands were need to extent, and increasing numbers of inhabitants let big countries to be with names and history. Now those countries are doing very well in connection with economics and crime statistics. And all these achievements belong to famous historical identities. Johns Smith was also one from big names in expansions, he was an English soldier, explorer, colonial governor, admiral of New England, and author. He played an important role in the establishment of the colony at Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in North America, in the early 17th century. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony between September 1608 and August 1609, and he led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay, during which he became the first English explorer to map the Chesapeake Bay area. Later, he explored and mapped the coast of New England. He was knighted for his services to Sigmund Bathory.
Writes Evelynn Bearton 9/12/2023
Tudor Conquest of Ireland and who in fact Irish are
The second successful colony was Plymouth Colony, founded in 1620 by people who later became known as the Pilgrims. Fleeing religious persecution in the East Midlands in England, they first went to Holland, but feared losing their English identity. Because of this, they chose to relocate to the New World, with their voyage being financed by English investors. In September 1620, 102 passengers set sail aboard the Mayflower, eventually settling at Plymouth Colony in November. Of the passengers on the Mayflower, 41 men signed the "Mayflower Compact" aboard ship on November 11, 1620, while anchored in Provincetown Habour. Signers included Carver, Alden, Standish, Howland, Bradford, Allerton, and Fuller. This story has become a central theme in the United States cultural identity.
A number of English colonies were established under a system of proprietary governors, who were appointed under mercantile charters to English stock companies to found and run settlements.
England also took over the Dutch colony of New Netherlands (including the New Amsterdam settlement), renaming it the Province of New York in 1664. With New Netherland, the English came to control the former New Sweden (in what is now Delaware ), which the Dutch had conquered from Sweden earlier. This became part of Pennsylvania.
Expansion period starts a bit earlier when queen Elizabeth I orders Pirate Drake with other captains to expance the territories and they find beautiful America and called it Virginia. Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed by the queens order and establish Newfoundland, also and Virginia. Virginia is called in a name of the queen, because she was famous Virgin queen, that is why this name was used to name news land in America. English expansions are big and big jump in a history like and Dutch and America and Netherlands is connected to Elizabethan names, they rule for a terms of expansions and established many lands, that are connected directly to English history and within Queens and Kings names. Expansions are needed for trades and better living for better economics but to control distance lands were not easy even for Tudors Kings they led it dwell it for new English inhabitants that they successfully even established and language, some America is Spanish America, but some that is English actually a little bit connect more with England that it should, it is consequences of historical expansion, as trades with far lands were need to extent, and increasing numbers of inhabitants let big countries to be with names and history. Now those countries are doing very well in connection with economics and crime statistics. And all these achievements belong to famous historical identities. Johns Smith was also one from big names in expansions, he was an English soldier, explorer, colonial governor, admiral of New England, and author. He played an important role in the establishment of the colony at Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in North America, in the early 17th century. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony between September 1608 and August 1609, and he led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay, during which he became the first English explorer to map the Chesapeake Bay area. Later, he explored and mapped the coast of New England. He was knighted for his services to Sigmund Bathory.
Writes Evelynn Bearton 9/12/2023
Tudor Conquest of Ireland and who in fact Irish are
The Tudor conquest (or reconquest) of Ireland took place during the 16th century under the Tudor dynasty, which ruled the Kingdom of England. The Anglo-Normans had conquered swathes of Ireland in the late 12th century, bringing it under English rule. In the 14th century, the effective area of English rule shrank markedly, and from then most of Ireland was held by native Gaelic chiefdoms. Following a failed rebellion by the earl of Kildare in the 1530s, the English Crown set about restoring its authority. Henry VIII of England was made "King of Ireland" by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542. The conquest involved assimilating the Gaelic nobility by way of "surrender and regrant"; the confiscation and colonization of lands with settlers from Britain; imposing English law and language; banning Catholicism, dissolving the monasteries and making Anglican Protestantism the state religion.
The Tudor policies in Ireland sparked the Desmond Rebellions (1569–73, 1579–83) and the Nine Years' War (1594–1603). Despite Spanish support for Irish Catholics during the Anglo-Spanish 1585-1604 War, by 1603 the entire country was under English rule. The Flight of the Earls in 1607 largely completed the destruction of the Gaelic aristocracy and left the way open for the Plantation of Ulster, which established a large British Protestant population in the north. Several people who helped establish the plantations of Ireland also played a part later in the early colonization of North America, particularly a group known as the West Country men.
By 1500, English monarchs had delegated government of Ireland to the most powerful of the Hiberno-Norman dynasties – the FitzGeralds of Kildare – to keep the costs of running Ireland down and to protect the Pale. The King's Lord Deputy of Ireland was chief of the administration, based in Dublin Castle, but maintained no formal court and had a limited privy purse. In 1495, laws were passed during Poynings's Parliament that imposed English statutory law wholesale upon the lordship and compromised the independence of the Parliament of Ireland.
The head of the Kildare FitzGeralds held the position of lord deputy until 1534. The problem was that the House of Kildare had become unreliable for the English monarch, scheming with Yorkist pretenders to the English throne, signing private treaties with foreign powers, and finally rebelling after the head of its hereditary rivals, the Butlers of Ormonde, was awarded the position of lord deputy. The Reformation also led to growing tension between England and Ireland as Protestantism gained sway within England. Thomas, Earl of Kildare, a Catholic, offered control of Ireland to both the pope and Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire. Henry put down the rebellion by executing the leader ("Silken Thomas" FitzGerald), along with several of his uncles, and imprisoned Gearóid Óg, the head of the family. But now the king had to find a replacement for the FitzGeralds to keep Ireland quiet. What was needed was a cost-effective new policy that protected the Pale and guaranteed the safety of England's vulnerable west flank from foreign invasion.
With the assistance of Thomas Cromwell, the King implemented the policy of surrender and regrant. This extended royal protection to all of Ireland's elite without regard to ethnicity; in return the whole country was expected to obey the law of the central government; and all Irish lords were to officially surrender their lands to the Crown, and to receive them back in return by Royal Charter. The keystone to the reform was in a statute passed by the Irish Parliament in 1542, whereby the lordship was converted to the Kingdom of Ireland. Overall, the intention was to assimilate the Gaelic and Gaelicised upper classes and to develop a loyalty on their part to the new crown. To this end, they were granted English titles and for the first time admitted to the Irish Parliament. One of the more important was the earldom of Tyrone, which was created for the Uí Néill dynasty in 1542. In a felicitous phrase, the king summed up his efforts at reform as "politic drifts and amiable persuasions".
In practice, lords around Ireland accepted their new privileges but carried on as they had before. For the Irish Lordships, the English monarch was but another overlord similar to that found in the Gaelic system. It was, however, the Tudors' increasing encroachment upon the Irish local autonomy by the development of a centralised state that was to bring the English system into direct conflict with the Gaelic one. Henry's religious Reformation – although not as thorough as in England – caused disquiet; his lord deputy, Anthony St. Leger, was largely able to buy off opposition by granting lands confiscated from the monasteries to Irish nobles.
Ireland is a beautiful country and has pure Irish heritage that belongs only to Ireland, but why they do not rush to elect the king through centuries is also a dilemma or a good question, perhaps England always have had an interest upon Ireland's lands, but not quite so, to see crowned Ireland is interesting, as they are very much independent nation and has beautiful Irish tradition and all that belongs to Ireland. But it is interesting that a press cannot write a lot about Irish kings as they not promoted for English or for the world. English interest for Irish lands is clear. Many English are orientated to colonialism or expansion, say Australia and New Zealand belongs to United Kingdom, but not Ireland, Ireland always was independent even though with its oath of English rule. Irish are interesting nation and has culture and many things to offer but to offer their kings they hide them, and why they hide them certainly they have them. Sure shall God bless the good all Irish.
Writes Evelynn Bearton
The Tudor policies in Ireland sparked the Desmond Rebellions (1569–73, 1579–83) and the Nine Years' War (1594–1603). Despite Spanish support for Irish Catholics during the Anglo-Spanish 1585-1604 War, by 1603 the entire country was under English rule. The Flight of the Earls in 1607 largely completed the destruction of the Gaelic aristocracy and left the way open for the Plantation of Ulster, which established a large British Protestant population in the north. Several people who helped establish the plantations of Ireland also played a part later in the early colonization of North America, particularly a group known as the West Country men.
By 1500, English monarchs had delegated government of Ireland to the most powerful of the Hiberno-Norman dynasties – the FitzGeralds of Kildare – to keep the costs of running Ireland down and to protect the Pale. The King's Lord Deputy of Ireland was chief of the administration, based in Dublin Castle, but maintained no formal court and had a limited privy purse. In 1495, laws were passed during Poynings's Parliament that imposed English statutory law wholesale upon the lordship and compromised the independence of the Parliament of Ireland.
The head of the Kildare FitzGeralds held the position of lord deputy until 1534. The problem was that the House of Kildare had become unreliable for the English monarch, scheming with Yorkist pretenders to the English throne, signing private treaties with foreign powers, and finally rebelling after the head of its hereditary rivals, the Butlers of Ormonde, was awarded the position of lord deputy. The Reformation also led to growing tension between England and Ireland as Protestantism gained sway within England. Thomas, Earl of Kildare, a Catholic, offered control of Ireland to both the pope and Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire. Henry put down the rebellion by executing the leader ("Silken Thomas" FitzGerald), along with several of his uncles, and imprisoned Gearóid Óg, the head of the family. But now the king had to find a replacement for the FitzGeralds to keep Ireland quiet. What was needed was a cost-effective new policy that protected the Pale and guaranteed the safety of England's vulnerable west flank from foreign invasion.
With the assistance of Thomas Cromwell, the King implemented the policy of surrender and regrant. This extended royal protection to all of Ireland's elite without regard to ethnicity; in return the whole country was expected to obey the law of the central government; and all Irish lords were to officially surrender their lands to the Crown, and to receive them back in return by Royal Charter. The keystone to the reform was in a statute passed by the Irish Parliament in 1542, whereby the lordship was converted to the Kingdom of Ireland. Overall, the intention was to assimilate the Gaelic and Gaelicised upper classes and to develop a loyalty on their part to the new crown. To this end, they were granted English titles and for the first time admitted to the Irish Parliament. One of the more important was the earldom of Tyrone, which was created for the Uí Néill dynasty in 1542. In a felicitous phrase, the king summed up his efforts at reform as "politic drifts and amiable persuasions".
In practice, lords around Ireland accepted their new privileges but carried on as they had before. For the Irish Lordships, the English monarch was but another overlord similar to that found in the Gaelic system. It was, however, the Tudors' increasing encroachment upon the Irish local autonomy by the development of a centralised state that was to bring the English system into direct conflict with the Gaelic one. Henry's religious Reformation – although not as thorough as in England – caused disquiet; his lord deputy, Anthony St. Leger, was largely able to buy off opposition by granting lands confiscated from the monasteries to Irish nobles.
Ireland is a beautiful country and has pure Irish heritage that belongs only to Ireland, but why they do not rush to elect the king through centuries is also a dilemma or a good question, perhaps England always have had an interest upon Ireland's lands, but not quite so, to see crowned Ireland is interesting, as they are very much independent nation and has beautiful Irish tradition and all that belongs to Ireland. But it is interesting that a press cannot write a lot about Irish kings as they not promoted for English or for the world. English interest for Irish lands is clear. Many English are orientated to colonialism or expansion, say Australia and New Zealand belongs to United Kingdom, but not Ireland, Ireland always was independent even though with its oath of English rule. Irish are interesting nation and has culture and many things to offer but to offer their kings they hide them, and why they hide them certainly they have them. Sure shall God bless the good all Irish.
Writes Evelynn Bearton